Translated to Arabic, 'Medieval Islam', first published in 1952, by Austrian historian Gustave Edmund von Grunebaum (1909 - 1972). Grunebaum received his PhD in Oriental Studies in 1931. In 1938 he moved to the US, where he taught Arabic and Near Eastern History. Translated by Abd al-Aziz Tawfiq Jawid with review of Abd al-Hamid Abbadi.